Music production

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There are seven steps to music production on The Simpsons.

Step one: Spotting session

Each episode's music starts with a 60-90 minute spotting session - when the composer, music editor, executive producer/show runner and sometimes the writer and film editor meet to pick the "spots" where music will play (Sound effect and dialogue production also utilizes these sessions with their respective editors). Usually these sessions are attended by Alf Clausen (composer), Chris Ledesma (music editor), Al Jean (executive producer/show runner), Larina Jean Adamson (supervising producer) and Dominique Braud (post production co-producer).

There are two sides to the spotting session based on the three key groups in the spotting session with Jean having the final decision. Jean forms ideas over the 7–9 months of writing, voice recording and animation while the writer may have inserted notes into the script. Meanwhile Ledesma and Clausen, having seen the episode for the first time, contribute fresh suggestions.

The group go through scene by scene discussing potential music. For every cue, Ledesma asks three questions crucial in the music spotting process:
1) Where does the cue begin?
2) Where does the cue end?
3) Why are we putting this cue in the show?

The timing is vital, as every second could evoke a different mood.

"A cue that starts on Bart's face may suggest to the audience that the music is about his emotions. Start the cue ½ second later during Lisa's reaction and the audience is led to feel what Lisa is thinking about Bart at that moment. Sometimes a cue ends right on the cut to a new scene or location. This helps tell the audience that we are on to new business. Sometimes the end of a cue is a long, held chord or note called a "tail". When we tail from the end of a scene into the start of the next, it forms a sort of emotional "bridge" carrying the emotion of the previous scene into the next, connecting the two."

―Chris Ledesma

Question three is important, as although, sometimes it can be obvious (such as sad music during sad scenes) other times the music can point towards the subtext of a scene.

"Bart puts on a happy face to hide sad feelings he has over something that happened previously in the story. The audience already knows what he's feeling on the inside and the music plays sad to remind them of that story point. Music for Homer is often ironic – he's all pumped up about something he's done or some scheme he is about to hatch and the music plays to his positive attitude. But by now the audience knows that like the Coyote chasing the Road-Runner or Charlie Brown trying to kick the football, things will not turn out as planned."

―Chris Ledesma

There are six types of music on the show, as with all film and TV.

• Underscore (score for short) is music that only the audience hears and is used to help convey emotion or exemplify story.
• Source cues is music coming from an in-world source (e.g. Lisa's saxophone, the TV, The Larry Davis Experience, e.t.c.) and can be heard from the characters themselves. This music helps set the scene (e.g. in a restaurant) or can be emotionally or plot significant like Lisa listening to Bleeding Gums Murphy and being inspired.
• Scourse is a mixture of both score and source (pronounced skorss). The music is a source cue but acts like a score cue, as it contributes to the story for the audience. A good example of this is songs that feature lyrics describing a character's feelings.
• Montages - a series of short scenes with only music (perhaps a few sound effects as well). Most of the time they feature popular music with lyrics which relate to the scenes and tells the story. Sometimes Clausen writes an original score for a montage, such as "The Land of Chocolate".
• Then there are "Broadway-style musical production number", a mix of both source and score.
• There are also format cues - these are the Main Theme, End Credits, Gracie Films logo and FOX logo.

Music editor Ledesma writes many notes, originally long hand before switching to a laptop in 2004, while Clausen records the session, with a digital audio recorder (having replaced the micro cassette recorder in 2008).

Step two: Spotting notes

By this time all members of the post-production crew have received a copy of the episode with a locked length. The length is the only locked variable with dialogue still being re-recorded or added, animation being fixed if necessary (redesigns, technical errors or imperfections) and music yet to be recorded or composed. This copy also has the timecode burned into it to allow crew members to discuss specific frames easily. This is removed when the episode is finally complete and submitted for broadcast.

With his notes and Clausen's recording, Ledesma uses the video to note down exact timecode the cue will start and end. Timecodes are measured as Hours:Minutes:Seconds:Frames per second (for HD episodes there are 24), starting at 01:00:00:00 and ending approximately 22 minutes later.

During this process Ledesma makes a document which details precisely the start and stop timecodes, length and description. Using the details from the session he adds a detailed description using as many keywords and phrases to help Clausen know what needs composing. He also assigns each a cue a number in the #M# format, where the number before refers to the act (act being the segments around the commercial breaks) and the number after being the position in the act. For most seasons the show has had three acts, though recently (for more commercial space) this has become four. The opening theme, due to opening the episode, always has 1M1.

An example of spotting notes, for "The Ned-liest Catch".

The process, like much of animation production, has benefited from technology developments. Currently Ledesma spends 3–5 hours, dependant on number of cues and level of detail. In comparison, with a video tape and hand written notes the process took 6–8 hours.

Also during this time Ledesma will look through the shows library of recorded cues to see if they have one that can be reused. By reusing cues, Clausen is saved time composing and in the recording studio.

Once completed the notes are distributed by email (formerly fax) to a multitude of people:

• Composer (Clausen)
• Orchestrators (Clausen, two others)
• Music contractor
• Recording studio
• Sound effects editor
• Dialogue editor
• Producers
• Music copyists
• Librarian
• Recording engineer
• Fox Music Department

With the notes Clausen starts to organise the composing, though he can't fully compose at this point. However he will divvy up the orchestrations between himself and two other arrangers (orchestrators).

Step three: Breakdown notes

Breakdown notes are also known as timing notes, and are detailed transcriptions of the scenes containing music, which are used give the music editor and idea of what the compose will create.

Going through each cue, Ledesma goes to the first new cue (1M2) on his video file and types the timecode and a detailed description of the scene into a specially designed spreadsheet. The spreadsheet was designed for him by John Eidsvoog, whom Ledesma knew from a previous job at Music Design Group. Ledesma wanted to do the breakdown process on a computer and Eidsvoog suggested and created a custom Excel spreadsheet using Ledesma's parameters - Cume time (cumulative time), timecode, note. Ledesma types in the start timecode and the cumulative time becomes 0:00:00. Afterwards Ledesma enters many more timecodes and the spreadsheet works out the total cumulative time, giving the length of the cue.

An example of breakdown notes for cue 1M4 from "The Ned-liest Catch".

Timecodes are added for all dialogue (starts and stops), cuts, fades, dissolves and significant physical actions. This means that even the shortest of cues can have many fields, and are very detailed. However by doing this Ledesma will be able to anticipate some of the things Clausen will "hit" upon in his composing. Clausen receives these and uses them to choose what he will "hit" in each cue.

As with the whole process, technology has greatly improved efficiency. Ledesma, since 2005, has relied on his Mac to do the whole job, where before hand he would use a video tape and a dedicated Atari computer to work out the notes, before photocopying and faxing (before that courier delivery) for the composer.

Composing

Clausen "hits" moments using maths and The Auricle Time Processor, a program which assists in the tempo/beat calculations he must do. Clausen has a set time frame to fill, and by working with the equation T X B = S (tempo X beats of music = seconds), he can figure out the tempo and number of beats needed. Having the seconds he needs, Clausen is left with two ways to work out the cue. He can decide on a tempo (generally happy and heroic are faster, while sad are slower) and then divides the seconds by the tempo to get the number of beats that need writing for the cue to fit. If Clausen wants to write a specific number of beats, he divides seconds by the number of beats and get the tempo needed to fit them into the time frame. Using The Auricle Time Processor the job is a lot easier, and a lot more accurate with tempos being to an 100th of a second.

Recording

The music is generally recorded nine days before broadcast with a 35-40 piece orchestra.